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Overview of Current Brain Imaging Research on Eating Disorders
One difficulty in developing new treatments for eating disorders in the past has been the limited understanding of how brain function contributes to eating disorder symptoms [1]. Brain imaging technology now allows scientists to look at the neurocircuit, connections, and activity when studying eating disorders.
Dr. Walter Kaye, M.D., from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), recently published studies on brain imaging research progress. Dr. Kaye reported that brain imaging research has allowed a shift from describing eating disorder symptoms to understanding the cause of them.
This team of researchers has developed an imaging-based treatment package specifically addressing the neurobiology of anorexia [1].
Additional recent imaging research has shown that there are specific alterations in the brain associated with food and anxiety in individuals with anorexia. This may help explain the cause of food restriction within this disorder.
The main brain changes seem to be reversible in those disorders with malnutrition and starvation, once weight restoration occurs [3]. In bulimia, brain changes seem to be less pronounced than in anorexia and are mainly due to chronic dietary restrictions, which are also reversible with proper nutritional therapy.
Studies have also shown that various subtypes of eating disorders may correlate with specific brain function changes. For example, individuals with anorexia who binge and purge might have varying brain dysregulation compared to those who do not engage in binge and purge behaviors.
Neurocircuit Dysregulation in the Brain
Further brain imaging research has shown that individuals with anorexia have neurocircuit dysregulation [2]. The limbic and cognitive neural circuits may be related to altered serotonin and dopamine, which can help explain why those with anorexia often report that dieting reduces their anxiety and eating increases it.
Once a person with this disorder begins to enter starvation, every system in the body, including the brain, is affected. This includes neurochemical imbalances, which can exaggerate preexisting traits and possibly accelerate the disease process. For example, those with anorexia typically have a reduced brain volume and a regression to prepubertal gonadal function, but these changes normalize after weight restoration [2].
Brain Activity When Making Food Choices
PET, Positron Emission Tomography brain imaging, and related technologies have assessed serotonin and DA neurotransmitter systems in individuals with anorexia, and in those who have recovered. fMRI studies, in comparison, have shown altered activity in interconnected brain regions of these individuals.
These studies suggest that there is an imbalance between circuits in the brain that regulate the reward and emotion circuits. This is associated with consequence and planning functioning. Further dysregulation is seen in decreased interoceptive self-awareness, as well as decreased function in regions that contribute to altered sensing of the reward aspects of food.
Researchers from Columbia University, New York, looked at 21 women with anorexia and 21 non-eating disordered women using fMRI imaging. This was used in real-time while the participants were making a series of choices about what food to eat.
Those with anorexia consistently chose fewer high-fat foods. The brain regions used to make those choices were different, as well. For those with anorexia, the choices activated the dorsal striatum, a region known to be related to habitual control of actions. Activation in the fronto-striatal circuits during the study predicted how many calories they chose to consume in a meal the following day [4].
This study may help link anorexia to substance abuse, gambling and other conditions that involve choices related to excessive activities in the dorsal striatum, stated Dr. Daphna Shohamy, author of the study.
Body Image and Brain Imaging Research
Functional MRI studies on women with bulimia showed less brain activation in response to anticipated receipt of a chocolate milkshake versus a tasteless solution option, when compared to healthy controls [3].
Studies in body image distortion have suggested the areas in the temporoparietal areas in brain atrophy could account for body image distortion. When looking at body image satisfaction in individuals with eating disorders and those without, the level of reported anxiety during exposure to slim bodies correlated with established measures of shape and weight concern and increased brain activity [3]. This may link more intense body image processing in those with eating disorders than those without.
In conclusion, brain imaging research has come a long way in the past several decades and shows more consistent neural dysregulation in reward, pleasure, emotions and decision-making in those with eating disorders. This suggests that eating disorders are brain disorders, and allowing for further breakthrough treatments.
Certified Eating Disorder Specialist (CEDS). Libby has been practicing in the field of eating disorders, addictions, depression, anxiety and other comorbid issues in various agencies. Libby has previously worked as a contractor for the United States Air Force Domestic Violence Program, Saint Louis University Student Health and Counseling, Saint Louis Behavioral Medicine Institute Eating Disorders Program, and has been in Private Practice.
Libby currently works as a counselor at Fontbonne University and is a Adjunct Professor at Saint Louis University, and is a contributing author for Addiction Hope and Eating Disorder Hope. Libby lives in the St. Louis area with her husband and two daughters. She enjoys spending time with her family, running, and watching movies.
References:
[1] UC San Diego News Center. (n.d.). Retrieved March, 2017, from http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/brain_imaging_studies_reveal_neurobiology_of_eating_disorders
[2] Anorexia and Brain Imaging. (n.d.). Retrieved March, 2017, from http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/anorexia-and-brain-imaging
[3](n.d.) Retrieved March 2017, from [4] (n.d.) Retrived March 2017, from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151012115654.htm
[4] Jáuregui-Lobera, I. (2011). Neuroimaging in eating disorders. Retrieved March, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3191870/
The opinions and views of our guest contributors are shared to provide a broad perspective of eating disorders. These are not necessarily the views of Eating Disorder Hope, but an effort to offer discussion of various issues by different concerned individuals.
We at Eating Disorder Hope understand that eating disorders result from a combination of environmental and genetic factors. If you or a loved one are suffering from an eating disorder, please know that there is hope for you, and seek immediate professional help.
Published on May 6, 2017.
Reviewed By: Jacquelyn Ekern, MS, LPC on May 3, 2017.
Published on EatingDisorderHope.com
Baxter Ekern is the President of Eating Disorder Hope. He is responsible for the management and operations of Eating Disorder Hope. Baxter has been lending his services to Eating Disorder Hope for several years but came on board as the full-time president in November 2016.
